Rugby And Football Essays - Ball Games, Football Codes, Team Sports

Rugby And Football Rugby and Football The thick, expansive bore competitor inhales intensely and snorts with each progression as he and his partners push powerfully against the resistance. His arms are bolted over his colleagues' shoulders, the entirety of their heads down. The two groups are pushing against one another like two moose battling over region. He looks down to see the ball, sitting just before his feet. On the off chance that he could simply snare it with his foot and hurl it to his partner behind him... This is the thing that each player in a scrum is thinking while they battle each other for ownership. Rugby is the genuine game of men, since you wear no cushions, what's more, it is considerably more brutal than football; in any case, football necessitates that you wear cushions, subsequently being the genuine game of need to-be men. The guidelines of these comparative yet endlessly various games are amazingly perplexing, so just the nuts and bolts are important to recognize the better game. In football, the essential standard is that you should propel the ball forward by tossing it or going for it. When a player with the ball is brought down, the whole group lines up once more, and the ball is snapped to the quarterback. The brief delay in the middle of each down may not appear huge, however it certainly negatively affects the energy. In rugby, in any case, the essential guideline is that you can just propel the ball by running with, kicking, or passing it. With passing, however, you can just pass the ball in reverse or straightforwardly to your side, never forward. Like football, you score by running the ball into the endzone or by kicking it through the uprights. Moreover, you should contact the ball to the ground for it to tally, and it is worth five focuses. When kicking, the ball can be kicked from anyplace suddenly. In the event that it goes through the uprights, it is worth three focuses, as in football. The gear for the two games is broadly unique, with football requiring a lot more. In football, players must wear a huge arrangement of cushions, covering the greater part of their body, and a veiled head protector. The ball is comprised of an expanded elastic bladder, encircled by sewed calfskin, and it seems ellipsoidal fit as a fiddle. Most players currently wear cleated or spiked shoes, however level soles are regularly worn for counterfeit turf surfaces. However, rugby, being the genuine game of men, utilizes no cushions of protective caps. Actually the main gear that are to some degree comparative in the two games can be found starting from the ankles. Players wear a pullover, normally long-sleeved, athletic shorts, and cleated shoes. The ball has an oval shape to it, and is blunter than a football with the goal that it might effectively be bobbed and dropkicked. The birthplaces of football follow back to old Greece when they played a type of football know as harpaston, and the Romans played a comparative game, harpastum. In medieval occasions, another type of football, calcio, prospered in Italy. Most present day variants of football in any case, started in England, where a type of the game was known in the twelfth century. Rugby is said to have begun when a kid at Rugby School in Rugby, England got and conveyed the ball during a game of football in 1823. Already, the principles had just permitted the ball to be kicked. As I said previously, rugby is the genuine game of men. It is the preeminent test of solidarity, continuance, assurance, and spryness. While in football, the players are so arrogant and avaricious about how much cash they will make during this game, that the greater part of them don't work their hardest to win, as long as they get by.

Checks and Balances on the American Government

Tatianna Orozco P. 2 Checks and Balances The six fundamental standards of the constitution are well known sway, restricted government, partition of forces, legal audit, federalism, and balanced governance. Governing rules is the measure of intensity alloted to each branch (official, administrative, and legal) to keep them adjusted. This idea was promoted by Baron Montesquieu to shield the French government from undermining and was brought to the American government. Over the 200 or more years governing rules has been in act, it has been extremely viable through denunciation, laws, and military actions.When it comes to arraignment, the arrangement of balanced governance is viable. The president can be denounced by the House of Representatives. During the arraignment, the Chief of Justice sits a President of the Senate. Along these lines, this is a keep an eye on the official branch. In indictment, authoritative branch holds the force. The administrative branch speaks to the individual s which gives a check upon itself and the legal branch. Because of the authoritative branch holding the majority of the force, it permits the individuals to have an associated sense particularly with regards to voting.Checks and equalizations is exceptionally successful through lawmaking. On the off chance that the president chooses to veto a bill, congress may abrogate the veto by a 2/3 vote of the two houses. This puts a keep an eye on the official branch. For a situation where the president doesn't sign a bill inside 10 days it naturally turns into a law. Due to congress having a large portion of the control over lawmaking, it gives the individuals of this nation can have affirmation over injury. Military activities are another way balanced governance are viable in fairness of two branches.The official branch puts a beware of the authoritative branch by the president being president of the military. Despite the fact that the president is head of the military, just congress has th e ability to pronounce war. This is compelling in the manner that rather than 1 individual proclaiming way it’s a gathering of individuals settling on an important choice. Alongside well known sway, restricted government, detachment of forces, legal audit, and federalism, balanced governance is viable in our administration. Without balanced governance we wouldn’t have the steady government and security we have today.

Reality Shows Their Effect on American Teens Free Essays

Their Effect on American Teens Martha Wallace ENG 122: English Composition II Professor Kathy Conner August 8, 2011 The estimations of our ancestors for America have vanished. Every year increasingly more of American kids are Judging themselves dependent on the lives depicted in mainstream media. Certain media in the music business depicts the life of getting rich quick and having a ton of young ladies. We will compose a custom article test on Unscripted TV dramas: Their Effect on American Teens or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Motion pictures portray an existence of quick vehicles, numerous sexual accomplices, and contemptibility. The most recent media that has gotten exceptionally well known in depicting negative qualities Is unscripted TV dramas. Unscripted TV dramas have supplanted customary family esteems wows, for example, Happy Days, Seventh Heaven, The Cowboys Show, Family Matters, and Growing Pains. Today’s family esteems are presently being depicted through shows like: Keeping up with the Sardinian, Teen Moms, The Real World, Jersey Shore, and the entirety of the Real Housewives appears. Unscripted TV dramas have changed the manner in which American youngsters see family and the estimations of marriage, genuineness, and regard. Today’s young people see marriage as a dedication between two individuals who are infatuated. When the affection is gone, the marriage is finished. Then again, a few grown-ups may think in an unexpected way. Marriage isn't Just the outcome from adoration between two individuals. There is substantially more to it. A fruitful marriage resembles a decent formula whose primary fixings, other than adoration, are duty, getting, concern and reliability. In the event that you can remember these characteristics For your wedded life you can discover satisfaction In your marriage. However, the eventual fate of the solidness In American marriage Is gradually rotting. Grown-ups and youngsters the same are seeing marriage In an alternate manner. This view Is being convinced by new TV programs called Reality TV. It Is a well established certainty the media has a significant impact In how adolescents see themselves as well as other people. Pretty much every individual in the US has overabundance to TV and the more youthful age is the ones who watch it the most (Cheeseboard, 2003, Para 4). Considering the normal teenager invests more energy sitting in front of the TV than with their folks. Most of them are likewise finding out about the essential estimations of life, additionally from TV. This realize a genuine worry of reality shows’ impacts on youngsters demeanor, qualities, and conduct. The customary family estimation of marriage is depicted on unscripted TV dramas as a possibility for couples who are living respectively. The unscripted TV drama Keeping up with the Sardinian is an ideal case of his kind of game plan. One of the more established sisters, Courtney, as of now lives with her beau and when drawn closer by another slang asking her for what reason she will not get hitched. Courtney answers, â€Å"I’m not certain If he Is actually the one† (Bravo, 2011, Para 2). At the point when her mom moves toward her about something very similar, Courtney answers, â€Å"Mom, I’m desire not Into ten customary things† (Bravo, 2011, Para According to David Opened, a Rutgers humanism teacher and report co-creator, â€Å"Cohabitation is setting down deep roots. I don’t think it is uplifting news, particularly for children†, he says, â€Å"As society shifts from summon to co-home, which is what’s occurring, you have an expansion in family instability’ Canyons, 2005, Para 8). The unscripted TV dramas that have hitched couples on it either end up in separate, the wife shows no regard for her better half, or one companion undermines the other. These are the exercises unscripted TV dramas are showing American youngsters today. The telecom station, Bravo, has a progression of shows titled, The Real Housewives of some famous urban areas in America. One of those urban communities is Atlanta. This unscripted TV drama is around six ladies who are hitched or were once hitched. The show circulated for a long time specifying the lives of ladies who were to speak to the genuine existences of American wedded ladies living in Atlanta. Just one of the six was really hitched and before the finish of the multi year arrangement, she was petitioning for a separation. Americans by the million were tuning in every week to watch the show unfurl. As per Nelson Media Research, 4. 4 million watchers watched the shows season finale January 30, 2011 and 1. 3 million of those watchers were younger than 18 (2011). I don't get this' meaning for the fate of marriage? Numerous young people no longer anticipate their big day. Truth be told in a discussion with young people through an adolescent association, Youth for Prevention, Action, and Change Through Thought (HAPPY), which expects to create network pioneers by showing youngsters social, racial, and wellbeing differences in their neighborhoods, a large number of them don't see the requirement for marriage. One member expressed, â€Å"I’m not anticipating marriage and I don’t think we [people in general] ought to be hitched, on the grounds that I perceive how different relationships wound up in my family and on TV. It’s consistently a fiasco. When asked which network shows she principally watches, she answered, â€Å"Reality appears, they ell you how life truly is†, Cones, 2006, Para 2). As this ten’s remarks demonstrate, sees about marriage are framed by what they find in their lives and in mainstream media. Shows, for example, â€Å"The Real World† and the media’s center around the most recent big name separation don't portray marriage. It is an indication of the developing decrease in the estimation of probably the best establishment created in America. It is these elements that may clarify why the U. S. Separation rate approaches 40 percent. Marriage isn't the main American worth which is by all accounts influenced by unscripted TV dramas, genuineness s another incentive among youngsters that is practically undetectable and unscripted TV dramas doesn't seem to make the view any more clear. Some time ago a man was held to his promise and a handshake was the main deed required. Those days are a distant memory. Nobody can trust the other. Prenuptial are composed before relationships, contracts are required among organizations, and even youngsters are marking contracts with guardians. One unscripted TV drama, Teen Moms, communicated a show which point by point a composed agreement between one high schooler and her folks. The motivation behind the agreement was to approve the parents’ words to help their girl monetarily after she brings forth he youngster. Unscripted tv appears and their impacts on young people can rely upon the wants and thought processes they see themselves in these stars and by one way or another these stars are experiencing their lives through the show. Every unscripted TV drama depicts and satisfies certain wants like ground-breaking high class living, endurance and outsmarting others, excellence, vengeance Ana pardon. Numerous youngsters appreciate a specific sense AT delight Ana fulfillment when they watch these unscripted tv appears and their belongings are constantly reflected in the manner they interface with others, manage different circumstances, and face certain difficulties. As indicated by the adolescents in HAPPY, the unscripted TV dramas are engaging Cones, 2006, Para 5). However, the greater part of these shows are based upon different people’s disappointments, bitterness, dissatisfactions, melancholies, and other mental and physical debilitations. There are some unscripted TV dramas that positively affect ten’s lives. Broadcasting station, FOX, had a show, Trading Spouses, where two families, for the most part of various social classes, trade wives or husbands for seven days. Every family is granted $50,000, with the specification that the visitor mother chooses how her receiving family should go through the cash (Schneider ; Italian, 2004). The grown-ups show how families can meet up and develop. It offers want to the estimation of family and genuineness. Every member is required to respond regularly and to go to a comprehension on the most proficient method to deal with contrasts. The youngsters are allowed a chance to communicate and this generally brings about their folks rolling out certain improvements to incorporate the assessments of their kids. The guardians encounter the trustworthiness of certain disasters in their family and consent to put forth a fair attempt to rectifying them. These kinds of unscripted TV drama impact youngsters in a positive manner. For those men’s that might not have had the option to communicate their musings or feelings to their folks, the show gives them recommendations and permit them to see a genuine chance of the result. Most youngsters consider their to be as troublesome individuals to bargain with. This sort of unscripted tv shows the helpless side of guardians and how they can commit error as well. Youngsters start to consider their to be as human and somebody they can converse with. Trustworthiness is once in a while happened in actuality appears, consequently our youngsters have a first column perspective on the most proficient method to turn into a liar and hoodwink individuals. A portion of these wows are so tricky; it is difficult to envision somebody would have consented to be a member. For instance, â€Å"Joe Millionaire†, is an unscripted TV drama where ladies contend to win the core of an alleged mogul. Toward the end, the ladies discover the â€Å"Joe Millionaire† is really a â€Å"Average Joe† and need to choose if they need to remain with him. This show is likely one of the most untrustworthy unscripted TV dramas and dishonest of all. Youngsters and grown-ups the same are demonstrated approaches to be untrustworthy and debase the genuine importance of discovering adoration and trustworthiness in a person. Regard has incredible significance in regular daily existence. As kids we are instructed ,one expectations, to regard our folks, educators, and older folks, school rules and transit regulations, family and social conventions, different people’s sentiments and rights, our country’s banner and pioneers, reality and people’s varying feelings (Dillon, 2010, Para 1). On the off chance that we are to live by this depiction of regard, at that point unscripted TV dramas has failed to understand the situation. An examination called, â€Å"Kids These Days: What Americans Really Think About the Next Generation†, studied 2,000 grown-ups who described youngsters and y

Pilinut Essay

Our organization connects with into pilinut business. Pili tart is an entirely gainful item, it has the purported 3C’s of Bicol pili nut: Competitive (advertise); Capability (monetary); and Capacity (creation) (Melchor An Aguilar). Since the Philippines is the main nation where the organic product has showcase. No other nation process pili in business amount, which means, we have the restraining infrastructure of handled pili in the outside market, this sort of business has a high capability of being fruitful particularly in the event that it will participate in sending out. There are numerous makers and processors of pili tart in the Bicol area, yet this will be not many contrasted with the world market. Just not many of these processors are into trading business. Pili are exceptionally nutritious even as sweet. Healthfully, the portion is high in calcium, phosphorous, and potassium, and wealthy in fats and protein. (DOST), so there is no issue to wellbeing concious. Our items will be of unrivaled quality related with the correct cost so pretty much every body can bear the cost of it. We will deliver item utilizing elements of high caliber with the goal that it is destined to be delectable and tasty. We will give items that are not wellbeing and natural danger but rather a pilinut item that everybody can appreciate and ecological agreeable that experience in the correct technique. We will deliver diverse pilinut items that are best for send out, which doesn't effectively ruin, and stay new even on significant stretch of time. Pilinut for common individuals may not be so significant, however for a specialist like us, pilinut has far to go and has an extremely huge market to serve. Benefit from this business might be inexhaustible because of the imposing business model of the items. We can begin at a little capital yet the rebound will be incredible. In not over three years, we will recover our venture from this business and still keep on developing.

Different Dining Experiences Essay Example For Students

Diverse Dining Experiences Essay Matt Smith 1Comp 1OswaldDifferent Dining ExperiencesIt can be fulfilling to plunk down before a decent supper and enjoy eatingit. Eating is fun and assumes an enormous job in consistently life. During the planning there aremany decisions one must make. What to eat? Where to eat? In the event that one chooses to go out, thereare a wide range of sorts of cooking styles and cafés to browse. State, for example, afamily needs to go out this Friday night for supper. They concoct the followingchoices; a fine Italian eatery, fine Mexican café, or fine Chinese café. In theprocess, the family contrasts the three and the accompanying data. Italian CuisineUsually, when feasting at a fine Italian eatery the air and diningexperience can be genuinely moderate, and is frequently calm. There are sentimental candlesflickering, joined by delicate music. The nourishment is tasty and will in general be a littlerich. As a rule, the costs are to some degree costly. The menu comprises of the self-evident: spaghetti, lasagna, some fish dishes, and different meats depending what the specials are. The soup and plate of mixed greens are constantly served before the feast. The soup is a slim stock, full oftomatoes, celery, kidney beans, garbonzo beans and pasta pieces. It is entirely expected to leave anItalian eatery feeling excessively full, in light of the fact that the nourishment can be very filling. Mexican CuisineYou might need to investigate the menu completely before choosing what to eat at aMexican Restaurant. Everything is tasty and totally different. It will in general be on the spicierside, with dishes comprising of arranged peppers and different flavors. There are dishes made oftortillas. Tortillas are a level, roundabout, bread like items. They are made out of flour andshortening. They can be loaded up with beans, meat, or cheddar. Or on the other hand your decision of meat orSmith 2poultry. Regularly the meat is set up as a fajita, where the meat, onions and peppers comeout on a griddle, sizzling in the oil in which they were cooked in. The meat may likewise bebrought out hurled, and enclosed by tortillas. They are loaded up with opposite side things such asrice or beans. There is no serving of mixed greens or soup before your supper, yet chips and salsa are alwayscustomary, and excellent as a basic hors d'oeuvre while choosing your feast. Mexicanfood is delectable and true. In any case, recall, there is a genuine kick to your supper with all thosespices!Chinese CuisineOriental food is normally exceptionally appropriate and exquisite. It is commonly tranquil inside therestaurant and the genuineness of the eating experience assumes a significant job in yourexperience. Most dishes are set up in a wok and hurled with various sauces. A wok isa enormous roundabout skillet that sits on a fire and prepares the nourishment. There arechicken, hamburger, egg, vegetable, pork, and shrimp dishes. With some incidental scallops,lobster, or crab pieces tossed in to make up the fish dishes. It can now and again bespiced up with Chinese peppers. These are long, thin dim red peppers, that can beadded upon your solicitation to make your dish spicier. A Chinese feast will in general be a protracted. Because of the time it takes to set up the nourishment. The valuing can fluctuate, yet much of the time isreasonable. Chinese nourishment is extremely one of a kind and delectable. As demonstrated over, the three distinct sorts of nourishment are for the most part extremely remarkable in their ownways. They all convey certain characteristics that uncover there uniqueness. All things considered, theyre alldelicious, and can be a genuine treat to anybody with a major craving. .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09 , .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09 .postImageUrl , .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09 , .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09:hover , .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09:visited , .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09:active { border:0!important; } .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09:active , .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09:hover { murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u5b221b bf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u5b221bbf57be75c75f554f793a26ef09:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Tomb Wall of Amenemhat His Wife Hotept EssayEnglish Essays

Appearance and Staging of The Relapse; or Virtue in Danger - Literature Essay Samples

In John Vanbrugh’s The Relapse; or Virtue in Danger, Act I, scene i. plays a crucial role in establishing the theme of appearance versus reality. Because this play is a continuation of Colley Cibber’s Love’s Last Shift, it is imperative that the first scene of the opening act has the ability to stand on its own. Therefore, in order to exude the themes of duplicity and manipulation, deceit and denial, it is essential that the casted actor and actress know not only how to act, but how to act within an act. In addition, by focusing specifically on the tone and the word choices Vanbrugh utilizes for the dialogue between Loveless and Amanda in the opening scene, the audience can readily detect the ultimate fate of the couple’s marriage. Lastly, by choosing the perfect setting for which the opening scene occurs and by directing the physical movements and facial expressions desired from the actors, the new rendition of Vanbrugh’s The Relapse will not o nly be a success, but will enable the audience to develop a deeper understanding of the characters and the motivations behind their actions in less than 150 lines. As the curtains open, the lights should be affixed upon a handsome looking man in his late twenties. Wearing clothing not as royal as the king or as disheveled as a beggar, this man must have an uncomfortable look in his appearance, not fitting in the role he is playing. Similarly, surrounded by shelves and shelves of thickly bound novels, the man should be sitting in an armchair with a novel in his hand, but his eyes shifting from one object to the other. Immediately, the appearance and the setting of the opening scene should radiate a sense of discomfort and unsuitableness. Assuming that a majority of the audience has not seen Cibber’s Love’s Last Shift, Loveless, husband to Amanda, must not appear to be the fully unkempt rake from the inception or the fully refined and reformed gentleman at the end. By allowing the setting and the initial perception of the actor to become the foundation of The Relapse, there is room for growing validity in the actors’ verbal exchanges. As Loveless opens with a soliloquy, he declares, â€Å"How true is that philosophy which says / Our heaven is seated in our minds† (I. i. 1-2)! With the help of the uncomfortable manifestation in which Loveless displays through his actions and speech, the audience can infer that Loveless is not only sitting in a room he is not fully accustomed to, but he is also partaking in something he has rarely done before, reading. Furthermore, Loveless betrays him desires to the audience by revealing to the audience of â€Å"all the roving pleasures of [his] youth/ (Where nights and days seemed all consumed in joy,/ Where the false face of luxury / Displayed such charms† (I. i. 3-6). Unconscious of his vulnerability to the audience, Loveless is mentally and emotionally reflecting on â€Å"the ragi ng flame of wild destructive lust† while verbally seeking innocence by deeming his thoughts as â€Å"a warm pleasing fire of lawful love† (I. i. 15-16). By showing the contradictions between what he says and how he feels as well as emphasizing the inability to blend with his surroundings, the audience can see that Loveless is trying to talk himself out of what he loves. As the title of the play will suggest, Loveless has already relapsed in his mind and his heart. In fact, the reality is that Loveless does not find the life of â€Å"moment’s peace† to be exhilarating and prefers to engage his mind â€Å"musing on [his] happy state / and full of grateful thoughts† (I. i. 9, 20-21). The language of the opening scene is vital because it reveals both Loveless’s actions and his habitual nature. In addition, by manipulating the setting and the dress of the actor with the character’s dialogue, the scene takes full advantage of the charac ter’s natural role as a rake. When Amanda walks on stage, she should bring no surprises or excitement. Although the actress playing Amanda should be young, in her early twenties, and attractive, she cannot be exceedingly beautiful. In addition, the actress playing Amanda should have a calm gait and plain, simple attire. By doing so, no new feelings are incited for Loveless, allowing their marriage to appear monotonous and habitual. In the exchange between the married couple, the word â€Å"heaven† is repeated over five times, disclosing to the audience that their love may extend beyond reality. There is a play on appearance versus reality in this exchange; although the perfect and divine nature of heaven is used to delineate the relationship between Loveless and Amanda (appearance), religion itself is detached from their relationship (reality). In addition, when Amanda enters the stage to meet Loveless, there should not be an interruption to Loveless’s tho ughts. He verbally tells Amanda â€Å"You find me musing on [his] happy state / And full of grateful thoughts to Heaven and you† but his thoughts have not departed from â€Å"roving pleasures† (I. i. 20-21, 2). Similarly, when Loveless woos Amanda by saying â€Å"The largest boons that Heaven thinks fit to grant / To things it has decreed shall crawl on earth / Are in the gift of women formed like you,† the actor must act with deceit, almost imagining that the person he is wooing is not Amanda, but one of the â€Å"wild destructive lust† (I. i. 28-30). In order for the relationship to appear duplicitous and manipulative, both the actor and the actress must exaggerate their movements and speech. Every time the word heaven is used, the actors should be exaggerating their physical interactions with each other by drawing themselves closer to each other, climaxing when Amanda says, â€Å"There let [their love] grow forever† (I. i. 39). Unfortunate ly, the downhill deterioration of Amanda and Loveless’s marriage begins all too soon after the farfetched exchanges of Heaven granting them forever growing love. Amanda should be slowly pulling away from Loveless’s caress as she comments, â€Å"’Twere all the heaven I’d ask. / But we are clad in black mortality, / And the dark curtain of eternal night / At last must drop between us† (I. i. 42-45). Amanda seems to acknowledge in the futility of their relationship by disclosing the inevitability of â€Å"that mournful separation† (I. i. 47). Because Loveless is the deceiver, the actor who plays his role must be able to be simultaneously sarcastic, yet charming. Amanda, on the other hand, is intelligent yet insecure. Therefore, the actress playing her role must not be domineering and self-righteous, but must possess both intelligence and a sense of fear and self-denial when questioning her husband’s faithfulness. From the once seem ingly affectionate and loving exchange between a husband and a wife now surfaces the harsh reality of a relationship built upon â€Å"rocks of reason† (I. i. 55). Also, within this conversation, there needs to be focus on Amanda’s ability to manipulate as well, though her manipulation result in sorrow and grief. Amanda’s utilization of guilt is a weapon of her manipulation. After claiming the certainty of a division between them, Amanda must look away from Loveless sorrowfully as she says, â€Å"Perhaps that pain may only be my lot;† but turn to him once more with the slightest tone of accusation saying, â€Å"You possibly may be exempted from it: Men find out softer ways to quench their fires† (I. i. 50-53). By questioning Loveless’s constancy simply by generalizing men as having the ability to find another female replacement, Amanda, in effect, is able to extract from Loveless the foundation of his love for her: â€Å"You’ll fin d ‘tis built upon a steady basis / The rock of reason now supports my love† (I. i.54-55). If logic and reasoning are the only means by which Loveless is married to Amanda, then the truth has been revealed and there is no more hope for this marriage. In addition, knowing that the character Amanda plays is that of a submissive wife, she does not have any power or control over Loveless. In fact, Amanda’s fears are made so transparent for the audience that sympathy is aroused toward her while condescension and contempt for Loveless. Therefore, the actress must reveal her truest self exposing to the audience her love for Loveless and her fears of his infidelity in their marriage. As Amanda confesses with parallel statements of, â€Å"I know its false insinuating pleasures; / I know the force of its delusions; / I know the strength of its attacks; / I know the weak defence of nature; / I know you are a man – and I – a wife,† her voice must be crying out in desperation, her body becoming weaker and weaker after each â€Å"I know† (I. i. 65-70), her knees touching the ground as she accepts her position as the subservient wife. Loveless, on the other hand, is roused to his feet in anger upon hearing his wife’s fears and confession that she â€Å"is uneasy at your going to stay so long in Town† (I. i. 65). The role of the authoritative and the submissive can be portrayed by the actor and actress’s bodily physique. Amanda must have a fragile and innocent appeal to her; Loveless should appear arrogant and self-righteous. The words Loveless uses in response to Amanda include banish, traitors, arms, destructions, roving, bankrupt; these words show the harshness and coldness Loveless feels toward his wife. On stage, Loveless must rise in anger, his speech becoming more agitated, as he defends himself by saying â€Å"I have never thrown one roving thought that way† (I. i. 89). The actor must also be standing over the actress, exuding a sense of authority and power in the hands of a man. Knowing from the very beginning that the character, Loveless, does not belong in the countryside, there also needs to be a sense of urgency in his speech that reveals his desire to leave ‘Town’ and go to London as well. Ultimately, Loveless once again betrays his inner desires for sex with other women with his air of pride. Although he uses â€Å"honest conscience [as his] witness to never have thought of other women, his rhetoric are all indicative of sex as he references to â€Å"old cast mistress† and his â€Å"former boon companions† (I. i. 108). What appears to be honest conscience is in reality a mere reflection of Loveless’s inner desires. Towards the end of this act, Vanbrugh uses short, staccato lines in the back to back exchange between the couple; Loveless and Amanda are both engaged in an unbridled rage and ruthless contempt has been m ade exceptionally clear in the language structure. Throughout the argument, the two actors should be facing each other at a short distance away. Although the argument is tense, the actor playing Loveless must stand firm in his belief that Amanda’s distrusts of his faithfulness are wrong. In order to portray the anger on stage, not only must this exchange happen in rapid succession between Amanda and Loveless, they need to physically exaggerate their bodily movements to show anger and frustration. Although Loveless will remain cold-hearted even when the act ends, Amanda’s voice must be brought to a whimper after Loveless screams, â€Å"Fie, fie, Amanda! It is not kind thus to distrust me† (I. i. 127). Whereas Loveless’s fears are founded on distrust, Amanda’s are â€Å"founded on [her] love† (I. i. 128). There is a collision of faithfulness and infidelity, love and deceit. As the act concludes, Amanda’s last lines, â€Å"â€℠¢Twould be a weakness in my tongue / my prudence could not answer / If I should press you farther with my fears; / I’ll therefore trouble you no longer with ‘em,† depict her ultimate surrender to her husband’s infidelity (I. i. 136-140). Unable to persuade Loveless to stay with her in the countryside, Vanbrugh limits the female voice in communication to man, suggesting that the only hope for Amanda now is in a higher power of God. The first act of John Vanbrugh’s The Relapse; or Virtue in Danger is extraordinarily powerful in its ability to disclose characters’ motives and inner desires to the audience. In addition, not only is this opening scene captivating, it does not rely on luxurious staging or lighting. Because this play has a focus on appearance versus reality, through the means of dress and setting, the audience is able to acknowledge the ways in which the actors manipulate and deceive. From setting the stage to appear unfitting for Loveless to clothing Amanda in a simple night gown, the audience is able to detect the incompatibility of the married couple. Relying on the actors’ tone and body movements to betray their own selves, the audience can see through the actors’ deceits and self-denial. Ultimately, it is through the careful and well thought-out intertwining of the script and the acting that will determine the success of The Relapse.

Negligence and duty of care - Free Essay Example

Duty of care. Duty of care is the first element of negligence and therefore, in order to discuss further on duty of care, one would have to first define the tort of negligence. In Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co,[1] the courts defined negligence as an omission of something which a reasonable man would do and the doing of an act which a reasonable man would not do. In Heaven v Pender,[2] the courts held that the presumption of duty of care arises when one person is placed in a position with regard to another person or property, it is in ordinary sense that if he does not use reasonable ordinary care in his conducts, he would cause danger or injury towards the other person or property. Therefore, ordinary care is required to prevent the occurrence of such danger. In Stovin v Wise,[3] the courts explained that generally there is no duty to rescue a stranger from danger. The duty mentioned above is regarding duty that is imposed by law or in other words, it is a legal duty. Test to determine the standard of duty of care. There are a few test that is used in determining the existence of duty of care. The primary test is the neighbour principle established in the well-known case of Donoghue v Stevenson.[4] In this case, Lord Atkin laid down that the rule that you are required to love your neighbours becomes a law by itself and it requires one to take a reasonable care to prevent any acts or omissions that can be reasonably foreseen to be likely to cause injury to your neighbour. The question posed to this principle is regarding who is oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s neighbour in law. The courts held that neighbour in law is someone who is directly affected by oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act or omission. It is a reasonable manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s test whereby the courts would have to determine whether a reasonable man would foresee that his conduct would affect the plaintiff adversely. If the answer to this hypothetical question is yes, then the plaintiff is considered to be his neighbour and he owes a duty of care to the neighbour.[5] It is essential to note here that the neighbour principle requires the defendant to be a foreseeable victim and thus, in order for the defendant to be a foreseeable victim, there has to be a close proximity. Therefore, the neighbour principle requires the plaintiff to be of a close proximity with the d efendant. The plaintiff would not be a foreseeable victim if there is no proximity between the plaintiff and defendant. In the case of Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd,[6] the courts held that the principle laid down in Donoghue v Stevenson should be regarded as a milestone in determining whether there exist a duty of care. This principle significantly assist the development of the law of negligence. Prior to the case of Donoghue v Stevenson, there was vagueness in the law regarding civil liability for carelessness.[7] In an 1889 textbook, there was a list containing fifty-six various duties of care.[8] Therefore, the judgment in Donoghue v Stevenson brought an end to the chaotic situation and had introduced the law of negligence as a separate civil wrong. The next test used by the courts to determine whether duty of care is established is the Anns test laid down by the courts in Anns v Merton London Borough Council.[9] This is a two-stage approach laid down by Lord Wilberfor ce whereby the first is to determine whether there is a relationship of proximity between the alleged tortfeasor and the person who had suffered the loss. If it foreseeable that the carelessness of the tortfeasor would lead the other party to suffer damage, then a duty of care would on prima facie be established. The second stage of this test requires the court to take into account any considerations that may negate the said duty or to reduce and limit the scope or group of persons that the duty will be imposed upon. This two-stage approach in essence is to determine whether it is reasonable to foresee that the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act or omissions will cause any damage to the plaintiff. If it is reasonable to foresee that the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s act would cause harm to the plaintiff, then there exist a presumption of duty of care.[10] This test receive heavy criticism in Governors of the Peabody Donation Fund v Sir Lindsay Parkinson Co Ltd.[11] The courts in th is case held that the neighbour principle laid down by Lord Atkin should be proved before the duty of care is presumed to exist but the scope of the duty depends on the facts of the case. The courts should consider whether the duty of care imposed on the defendant is just and reasonable. In Curran v Northern Ireland Co-ownership Housing Association Ltd,[12] the learned judge, Lord Keith, held that the Anns test has been given more importance than it should have been given and held that the test need not be applicable in future cases in establishing the duty of care. The third test used in determining the duty of care is the Caparo test which is derived from Caparo Industries plc v Dickman.[13] In this case, there were three factors that is needed to be fulfilled to establish duty of care. The first is the courts must determine whether the damage caused is reasonably foreseen, the second is whether there is any policy to negate the duty of care and the third is whether it is just and reasonable. If this requirements are fulfilled, then duty of care is established.[14] It is important to note here that all three elements under the Caparo test needs to be fulfilled in order for duty of care to be established. Development in Malaysia. In Malaysia, the courts have used all of the above test. However, the test that is currently used by the courts is the three stage test which is the Caparo test. This can be seen in the case of Majlis Perbandaraan Ampang Jaya v Stephen Phoa Cheng Loon Ors.[15] In this case, the Federal Court had referred to the Caparoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case do determine whether duty of care exist. The issue that arises in this principle is whether this principle only applies to economic loss or it may extend to all situations. The courts used the foreseeability test and held that this test applies to all situation. The courts only had to determine whether the duty of care which is imposed upon the defendant is just and reasonable. The cour ts went on stating that it would be rare for the outcome of the test to be not just and reasonable. This test is used in a more recent Malaysian case which is Projek Lebuh Raya Utara-Selatan Sdn Bhd v Kim Seng Enterprise (Kedah) Sdn Bhd.[16] In this case, the courts reiterated that the standard of care to determine negligence is that of the reasonable man and it is an objective test. Another recent case is the case of Jordan Saw Yu Huan v Low Suan Chuan Ors.[17] In this case, the high court applied the Caparoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s test and the courts were of the view that it was just and reasonable to impose such duty of care upon the defendants and held that the defendants in this case had breached such duty of care. Therefore, it is clear that the recent development in Malaysia regarding the standard of care required to establish duty of care is more inclined towards the three-stage approach which is commonly known as the Caparoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s test. The courts in Malaysia had followed the Caparoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s test because this test requires that the damage caused to the plaintiff to be reasonably foreseen by the defendant. The defendant would not owe a duty of care if he cannot reasonably foresee the damage. Therefore, this test more straight forward as compared to the other test laid down earlier. [1](1856) 11 Ex 781 at 784. [2](1883) 11 QBD 503 at 507. [3][1996] AC 923 at 930-931. [4][1932] AC 562 at 580 (HL). [5]Norchaya Talib, Law of Torts in Malaysia (3rd edn, Sweet Maxwell Asia 2011) 98. [6][1970] AC 1027. [7]Dato Mohd Hishamudin Yunus, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"JUDICIAL ACTIVISM à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  THE WAY TO GO?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2012] 6 MLJ xvii. [8]Thomas Beven, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Principles of the law of negligenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1889). [9][1978] AC 728. [10]Norchaya Talib, Law of Torts in Malaysia (3rd edn, Sweet Maxwell Asia 2011) 100. [11][1984] 3 All ER 529 (HL). [12][1987] 2 All ER 13, 710. [13][1990] 1 All ER 568 (HL). [14]Norchaya Talib, Law of Torts in Malaysia (3rd edn, Sweet Maxwell Asia 2011) 106. [15][2006] 2 MLJ 389 (FC). [16][2013] 5 MLJ 360 (CA). [17][2013] 4 MLJ 137.